Biopsychosocial Determinants of Dental and Oral Health Behavior in Elementary School Children in Ponorogo, Indonesia: Application of Health Belief Model
Abstract
Background: Based on Basic Health Research in 2018, the proper brushing teeth behavior in children in Indonesia was 2.8%. The Elementary School period is an important stage for developing the behavior of maintaining dental and oral health in children (students). This study aimed to analyze the bio psychosocial determinants of the behavior of maintaining dental and oral health in elementary school children in Ponorogo by implementing the theory of Health Belief Model.
Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Ponorogo, East Java, Indonesia, from January to February 2020. A sample of 200 students from 25 elementary schools was selected by simple random sampling. The dependent variable was dental and oral health behavior. The independent variables were knowledge, teacher’s role, attitude, perceived susceptibility, perceived seriousness, perceived benefit, perceived barrier, cues to action, self-efficacy, and school. The data were collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by a multilevel multiple logistic regression run on Stata 13.
Results: Dental and oral health behavior in elementary school students increased with good knowledge (OR= 8.73; 95% CI= 2.18 to 34.95; p= 0.002), strong teacher’s role (OR= 3.99; 95% CI= 1.17 to 13.65; p= 0.027), positive attitude (OR= 6.45; 95% CI= 1.73 to 24.04; p= 0.005), strong perceived susceptibility (OR= 7.81; 95% CI= 2.12 to 28.78; p= 0.011), high perceived seriousness (OR= 6.62; 95% CI= 1.93 to 22.69; p= 0.003), weak perceived barrier (OR= 0.18; 95% CI= 0.05 to 0.72; p = 0.015), big perceived benefit (OR= 7.78; 95% CI= 1.80 to 33.56; p= 0.006), strong cues to action (OR= 3.95; 95% CI= 1.12 to 13.91; p= 0.032), and strong self-efficacy (OR= 4.99; 95% CI= 1.38 to 18.05; p=0.014 ). Elementary schools had contextual effect on the dental and oral health behavior with ICC= 14.14%.
Conclusion: The behavior of maintaining dental and oral health in elementary school students is affected by good knowledge, strong teacher’s role, high perceived susceptibility, high perceived seriousness, weak perceived barrier, big perceived benefit, high cues to action, and strong self-efficacy. The school has a contextual effect on the behaviour of maintaining dental and oral health in students.
Keywords: the behaviour of maintaining dental health, health belief model.
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2020), 5(2): 135-146
https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2020.05.02.08
References
Al-Qahtani S, Razak P, Khan S (2020) Knowledge and practice of preventive measures for oral health care among male intermediate schoolchildren in abha, Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 17(3). doi: 10.3390/ijerph17030703.
Al-Subait A, Alousaimi M, Geeverghese A, Ali A, Metwally A (2015). Oral health knowledge, attitude and behavior among students of age 10-18 years old attending Jenadriyah festival Riyadh: a cross-sectional study. Saudi J. Oral. Dent. Res. 7(1): 45–50. doi: 10.1016/j.sj-dr.2015.05.001
Ashoori F, Karimi M, Mokarami H dan Seif M (2019). Using health belief model to predict oral health behaviors in girl students: A structural equation modeling. Pediatr. Dent. J. doi: 10.1016/j.pdj.2019.12.001
Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Ponorogo (2017). Profil Kesehatan Kabupaten Ponorogo tahun 2016. Ponorogo: Dinkes Ponorogo.
Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Ponorogo (2019). Profil Kesehatan Kabupaten Ponorogo tahun 2018. Ponorogo: Dinkes Ponorogo.
Eden E, Akyildiz M, Sonmez I (2018). Comparison of two school-based oral health education programs in 9-year-old children. Int Q Community Health Educ. 39(3): 189–196. doi:10.1177/0272684X18819980.
Ghaffari M, Rakhshanderou S, Ramezankhani A, Noroozi M, Armoon B (2018). Exploration of brushing behavior among university students in Iran: A qualitative research. Int J Adolesc Med Health. doi: 10.1515/ijamh-2017-0115
Goodarzi A, Heidarnia A, Tavafian S, Eslami M (2017). Measurement of health belief model constructs in relation with the oral health practice of female students in Tehran. J Educ Health Promot. 5(4): 25–37. Retrieved from https://www.semanticscholar.org
Goodarzi A, Heidarnia A, Tavafian S, Eslami M (2019). Predicting oral health behaviors among Iranian students by using health belief model. J Educ Health Promot. 8(10). doi: 10.4103-/jehp.jehp_10_18
Hurlock (2011). Psikologi perkembangan :suatu pendekatan sepanjang rentang kehidupan. Edisi ke-5. Edited by I. Soedjarwo &. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Inglehart M, Zuzo G, Wilson J (2017). Kindergarten/Elementary School Teachers and Web-based Oral Health-Related Resources: An Exploration. Oral Health Prev Dent. 15(3): 229-236. doi: 10.3290/j.ohpd.a38159.
Kementerian Kesehatan (2009). Undang-Undang No. 36 Tahun 2009. Jakarta: Indonesia.
Kementerian Kesehatan (2018). Hasil utama laporan riskesdas 2018. Jakarta: Badan penelitian dan pengembangan kesehatan departemen kesehatan republik indonesia.
Leary S, Do L (2019). Changes in oral health behaviours between childhood and adolescence: Findings from a UK cohort study. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1–7. doi: 10.1111/cdoe.-12475.
Lee C, Ting C, Wu J, Lee K, Chen H dan Chang Y (2017). Dental visiting behaviours among primary schoolchildren: Application of the health belief model. Int J Dent Hyg. 16(2): 88–95. doi: 10.1111/idh.12319.
López-Núñez B, Aleksejūnienė J, Villanueva-Vilchis M (2019). School-based dental education for improving oral self-care in mexican elementary school–aged children. Health Promot Pract. 20(5): 684–696. doi: 10.1177/1524839919840342.
Murti B (2016). Riset epidemiologi. Surakarta: UNS Press.
Murti B (2018). Teori promosi dan perilaku kesehatan. Surakarta: Pascasarjana Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat UNS.
Peyman N, Porhaji F (2015). The effects of educational program based on the health belief model on the oral health behaviors of elementary school students. Mod Care J. 12(2):74-78.
Priyoto (2015) Perubahan dalam perilaku kesehatan. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.
Rahmati-najarkolaei F, Rahnama P, Fesharaki M, Yahaghi H (2016). Determinants of dental health behaviors of iranian students based on the Health Belief Model (HBM). Shiraz E Medical Journal. 17: 7-8. doi: 10.17795/semj39268.
Sariningsih (2012). Merawat gigi anak sejak dini. Jakarta: PT.Gramedia.
Vahid N, Hamid A, Mahbobeh S, Masoumeh S, Mahmood K (2019). The effect of oral health promotion program on early dental decay in students: A cluster randomized controlled trial. J Caring Sci. 8(2): 105–110. doi: 10.15171/jcs.2019.015.
Wahengbam P, Kshetrimayum N, Wahengbam B, Nandkeoliar T, Lyngdoh D (2016). Assessment of oral health knowledge, attitude and self-care practice among adolescents - A state wide cross-sectional study in Manipur, North Eastern India. J Clin Diagn Res. 10(6): 65-70. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/20693.8002
WHO (2016). Kasus Karies pada Anak Balita. Retrieved from https://health.kompas.com
